Manual

Usage help

Usage help is available:

$ restic --help

restic is a backup program which allows saving multiple revisions of files and
directories in an encrypted repository stored on different backends.

The full documentation can be found at https://restic.readthedocs.io/ .

Usage:
  restic [command]

Available Commands:
  backup        Create a new backup of files and/or directories
  cache         Operate on local cache directories
  cat           Print internal objects to stdout
  check         Check the repository for errors
  copy          Copy snapshots from one repository to another
  diff          Show differences between two snapshots
  dump          Print a backed-up file to stdout
  find          Find a file, a directory or restic IDs
  forget        Remove snapshots from the repository
  init          Initialize a new repository
  key           Manage keys (passwords)
  list          List objects in the repository
  ls            List files in a snapshot
  migrate       Apply migrations
  mount         Mount the repository
  prune         Remove unneeded data from the repository
  recover       Recover data from the repository not referenced by snapshots
  repair        Repair the repository
  restore       Extract the data from a snapshot
  rewrite       Rewrite snapshots to exclude unwanted files
  snapshots     List all snapshots
  stats         Scan the repository and show basic statistics
  tag           Modify tags on snapshots
  unlock        Remove locks other processes created

Advanced Options:
  features      Print list of feature flags
  options       Print list of extended options

Additional Commands:
  generate      Generate manual pages and auto-completion files (bash, fish, zsh, powershell)
  help          Help about any command
  self-update   Update the restic binary
  version       Print version information

Flags:
      --cacert file                file to load root certificates from (default: use system certificates or $RESTIC_CACERT)
      --cache-dir directory        set the cache directory. (default: use system default cache directory)
      --cleanup-cache              auto remove old cache directories
      --compression mode           compression mode (only available for repository format version 2), one of (auto|off|max) (default: $RESTIC_COMPRESSION) (default auto)
  -h, --help                       help for restic
      --http-user-agent string     set a http user agent for outgoing http requests
      --insecure-no-password       use an empty password for the repository, must be passed to every restic command (insecure)
      --insecure-tls               skip TLS certificate verification when connecting to the repository (insecure)
      --json                       set output mode to JSON for commands that support it
      --key-hint key               key ID of key to try decrypting first (default: $RESTIC_KEY_HINT)
      --limit-download rate        limits downloads to a maximum rate in KiB/s. (default: unlimited)
      --limit-upload rate          limits uploads to a maximum rate in KiB/s. (default: unlimited)
      --no-cache                   do not use a local cache
      --no-extra-verify            skip additional verification of data before upload (see documentation)
      --no-lock                    do not lock the repository, this allows some operations on read-only repositories
  -o, --option key=value           set extended option (key=value, can be specified multiple times)
      --pack-size size             set target pack size in MiB, created pack files may be larger (default: $RESTIC_PACK_SIZE)
      --password-command command   shell command to obtain the repository password from (default: $RESTIC_PASSWORD_COMMAND)
  -p, --password-file file         file to read the repository password from (default: $RESTIC_PASSWORD_FILE)
  -q, --quiet                      do not output comprehensive progress report
  -r, --repo repository            repository to backup to or restore from (default: $RESTIC_REPOSITORY)
      --repository-file file       file to read the repository location from (default: $RESTIC_REPOSITORY_FILE)
      --retry-lock duration        retry to lock the repository if it is already locked, takes a value like 5m or 2h (default: no retries)
      --tls-client-cert file       path to a file containing PEM encoded TLS client certificate and private key (default: $RESTIC_TLS_CLIENT_CERT)
  -v, --verbose                    be verbose (specify multiple times or a level using --verbose=n, max level/times is 2)

Use "restic [command] --help" for more information about a command.

Similar to programs such as git, restic has a number of sub-commands. You can see these commands in the listing above. Each sub-command may have own command-line options, and there is a help option for each command which lists them, e.g. for the backup command:

$ restic backup --help

The "backup" command creates a new snapshot and saves the files and directories
given as the arguments.

EXIT STATUS
===========

Exit status is 0 if the command was successful.
Exit status is 1 if there was a fatal error (no snapshot created).
Exit status is 3 if some source data could not be read (incomplete snapshot created).

Usage:
  restic backup [flags] [FILE/DIR] ...

Flags:
  -n, --dry-run                                do not upload or write any data, just show what would be done
  -e, --exclude pattern                        exclude a pattern (can be specified multiple times)
      --exclude-caches                         excludes cache directories that are marked with a CACHEDIR.TAG file. See https://bford.info/cachedir/ for the Cache Directory Tagging Standard
      --exclude-file file                      read exclude patterns from a file (can be specified multiple times)
      --exclude-if-present filename[:header]   takes filename[:header], exclude contents of directories containing filename (except filename itself) if header of that file is as provided (can be specified multiple times)
      --exclude-larger-than size               max size of the files to be backed up (allowed suffixes: k/K, m/M, g/G, t/T)
      --files-from file                        read the files to backup from file (can be combined with file args; can be specified multiple times)
      --files-from-raw file                    read the files to backup from file (can be combined with file args; can be specified multiple times)
      --files-from-verbatim file               read the files to backup from file (can be combined with file args; can be specified multiple times)
  -f, --force                                  force re-reading the source files/directories (overrides the "parent" flag)
  -g, --group-by group                         group snapshots by host, paths and/or tags, separated by comma (disable grouping with '') (default host,paths)
  -h, --help                                   help for backup
  -H, --host hostname                          set the hostname for the snapshot manually (default: $RESTIC_HOST). To prevent an expensive rescan use the "parent" flag
      --iexclude pattern                       same as --exclude pattern but ignores the casing of filenames
      --iexclude-file file                     same as --exclude-file but ignores casing of filenames in patterns
      --ignore-ctime                           ignore ctime changes when checking for modified files
      --ignore-inode                           ignore inode number and ctime changes when checking for modified files
      --no-scan                                do not run scanner to estimate size of backup
  -x, --one-file-system                        exclude other file systems, don't cross filesystem boundaries and subvolumes
      --parent snapshot                        use this parent snapshot (default: latest snapshot in the group determined by --group-by and not newer than the timestamp determined by --time)
      --read-concurrency n                     read n files concurrently (default: $RESTIC_READ_CONCURRENCY or 2)
      --skip-if-unchanged                      skip snapshot creation if identical to parent snapshot
      --stdin                                  read backup from stdin
      --stdin-filename filename                filename to use when reading from stdin (default "stdin")
      --stdin-from-command                     interpret arguments as command to execute and store its stdout
      --tag tags                               add tags for the new snapshot in the format `tag[,tag,...]` (can be specified multiple times) (default [])
      --time time                              time of the backup (ex. '2012-11-01 22:08:41') (default: now)
      --use-fs-snapshot                        use filesystem snapshot where possible (currently only Windows VSS)
      --with-atime                             store the atime for all files and directories

Global Flags:
      --cacert file                file to load root certificates from (default: use system certificates or $RESTIC_CACERT)
      --cache-dir directory        set the cache directory. (default: use system default cache directory)
      --cleanup-cache              auto remove old cache directories
      --compression mode           compression mode (only available for repository format version 2), one of (auto|off|max) (default: $RESTIC_COMPRESSION) (default auto)
      --http-user-agent string     set a http user agent for outgoing http requests
      --insecure-no-password       use an empty password for the repository, must be passed to every restic command (insecure)
      --insecure-tls               skip TLS certificate verification when connecting to the repository (insecure)
      --json                       set output mode to JSON for commands that support it
      --key-hint key               key ID of key to try decrypting first (default: $RESTIC_KEY_HINT)
      --limit-download rate        limits downloads to a maximum rate in KiB/s. (default: unlimited)
      --limit-upload rate          limits uploads to a maximum rate in KiB/s. (default: unlimited)
      --no-cache                   do not use a local cache
      --no-extra-verify            skip additional verification of data before upload (see documentation)
      --no-lock                    do not lock the repository, this allows some operations on read-only repositories
  -o, --option key=value           set extended option (key=value, can be specified multiple times)
      --pack-size size             set target pack size in MiB, created pack files may be larger (default: $RESTIC_PACK_SIZE)
      --password-command command   shell command to obtain the repository password from (default: $RESTIC_PASSWORD_COMMAND)
  -p, --password-file file         file to read the repository password from (default: $RESTIC_PASSWORD_FILE)
  -q, --quiet                      do not output comprehensive progress report
  -r, --repo repository            repository to backup to or restore from (default: $RESTIC_REPOSITORY)
      --repository-file file       file to read the repository location from (default: $RESTIC_REPOSITORY_FILE)
      --retry-lock duration        retry to lock the repository if it is already locked, takes a value like 5m or 2h (default: no retries)
      --tls-client-cert file       path to a file containing PEM encoded TLS client certificate and private key (default: $RESTIC_TLS_CLIENT_CERT)
  -v, --verbose                    be verbose (specify multiple times or a level using --verbose=n, max level/times is 2)

Subcommands that support showing progress information such as backup, restore, check and prune will do so unless the quiet flag -q or --quiet is set. When running from a non-interactive console progress reporting is disabled by default to not fill your logs. For interactive and non-interactive consoles the environment variable RESTIC_PROGRESS_FPS can be used to control the frequency of progress reporting. Use for example 0.016666 to only update the progress once per minute.

Additionally, on Unix systems if restic receives a SIGUSR1 signal the current progress will be written to the standard output so you can check up on the status at will.

Setting the RESTIC_PROGRESS_FPS environment variable or sending a SIGUSR1 signal prints a status report even when –quiet was specified.

Manage tags

Managing tags on snapshots is done with the tag command. The existing set of tags can be replaced completely, tags can be added or removed. The result is directly visible in the snapshots command.

Let’s say we want to tag snapshot 590c8fc8 with the tags NL and CH and remove all other tags that may be present, the following command does that:

$ restic -r /srv/restic-repo tag --set NL --set CH 590c8fc8
create exclusive lock for repository
modified tags on 1 snapshots

Note the snapshot ID has changed, so between each change we need to look up the new ID of the snapshot. But there is an even better way - the tag command accepts a filter using the --tag option, so we can filter snapshots based on the tag we just added. This way we can add and remove tags incrementally:

$ restic -r /srv/restic-repo tag --tag NL --remove CH
create exclusive lock for repository
modified tags on 1 snapshots

$ restic -r /srv/restic-repo tag --tag NL --add UK
create exclusive lock for repository
modified tags on 1 snapshots

$ restic -r /srv/restic-repo tag --tag NL --remove NL
create exclusive lock for repository
modified tags on 1 snapshots

$ restic -r /srv/restic-repo tag --tag NL --add SOMETHING
no snapshots were modified

To operate on untagged snapshots only, specify the empty string '' as the filter value to --tag. The following command will add the tag OTHER to all untagged snapshots:

$ restic -r /srv/restic-repo tag --tag '' --add OTHER

Under the hood

Browse repository objects

Internally, a repository stores data of several different types described in the design documentation. You can list objects such as blobs, packs, index, snapshots, keys or locks with the following command:

$ restic -r /srv/restic-repo list snapshots
d369ccc7d126594950bf74f0a348d5d98d9e99f3215082eb69bf02dc9b3e464c

The find command searches for a given pattern in the repository.

$ restic -r backup find test.txt
debug log file restic.log
debug enabled
enter password for repository:
found 1 matching entries in snapshot 196bc5760c909a7681647949e80e5448e276521489558525680acf1bd428af36
  -rw-r--r--   501    20      5 2015-08-26 14:09:57 +0200 CEST path/to/test.txt

The cat command allows you to display the JSON representation of the objects or their raw content.

$ restic -r /srv/restic-repo cat snapshot d369ccc7d126594950bf74f0a348d5d98d9e99f3215082eb69bf02dc9b3e464c
enter password for repository:
{
  "time": "2015-08-12T12:52:44.091448856+02:00",
  "tree": "05cec17e8d3349f402576d02576a2971fc0d9f9776ce2f441c7010849c4ff5af",
  "paths": [
    "/home/user/work"
  ],
  "hostname": "kasimir",
  "username": "username",
  "uid": 501,
  "gid": 20
}

Metadata handling

Restic saves and restores most default attributes, including extended attributes like ACLs. Information about holes in a sparse file is not stored explicitly, that is during a backup the zero bytes in a hole are deduplicated and compressed like any other data backed up. Instead, the restore command optionally creates holes in files by detecting and replacing long runs of zeros, in filesystems that support sparse files.

The following metadata is handled by restic:

  • Name

  • Type

  • Mode

  • ModTime

  • AccessTime

  • ChangeTime

  • UID

  • GID

  • User

  • Group

  • Inode

  • Size

  • Links

  • LinkTarget

  • Device

  • Content

  • Subtree

  • ExtendedAttributes

Getting information about repository data

Use the stats command to count up stats about the data in the repository. There are different counting modes available using the --mode flag, depending on what you want to calculate. The default is the restore size, or the size required to restore the files:

  • restore-size (default) counts the size of the restored files.

  • files-by-contents counts the total size of unique files as given by their contents. This can be useful since a file is considered unique only if it has unique contents. Keep in mind that a small change to a large file (even when the file name/path hasn’t changed) will cause them to look like different files, thus essentially causing the whole size of the file to be counted twice.

  • raw-data counts the size of the blobs in the repository, regardless of how many files reference them. This tells you how much restic has reduced all your original data down to (either for a single snapshot or across all your backups), and compared to the size given by the restore-size mode, can tell you how much deduplication is helping you.

  • blobs-per-file is kind of a mix between files-by-contents and raw-data modes; it is useful for knowing how much value your backup is providing you in terms of unique data stored by file. Like files-by-contents, it is resilient to file renames/moves. Unlike files-by-contents, it does not balloon to high values when large files have small edits, as long as the file path stayed the same. Unlike raw-data, this mode DOES consider how many files point to each blob such that the more files a blob is referenced by, the more it counts toward the size.

For example, to calculate how much space would be required to restore the latest snapshot (from any host that made it):

$ restic stats latest
Total File Count:   10538
      Total Size:   37.824 GiB

If multiple hosts are backing up to the repository, the latest snapshot may not be the one you want. You can specify the latest snapshot from only a specific host by using the --host flag:

$ restic stats --host myserver latest
Total File Count:   21766
      Total Size:   481.783 GiB

There we see that it would take 482 GiB of disk space to restore the latest snapshot from “myserver”.

In case you have multiple backups running from the same host so can also use --tag and --path to be more specific about which snapshots you are looking for.

But how much space does that snapshot take on disk? In other words, how much has restic’s deduplication helped? We can check:

$ restic stats --host myserver --mode raw-data latest
Total Blob Count:   340847
      Total Size:   458.663 GiB

Comparing this size to the previous command, we see that restic has saved about 23 GiB of space with deduplication.

Which mode you use depends on your exact use case. Some modes are more useful across all snapshots, while others make more sense on just a single snapshot, depending on what you’re trying to calculate.

Scripting

Restic supports the output of some commands in JSON format, the JSON data can then be processed by other programs (e.g. jq). The following example lists all snapshots as JSON and uses jq to pretty-print the result:

$ restic -r /srv/restic-repo snapshots --json | jq .
[
  {
    "time": "2017-03-11T09:57:43.26630619+01:00",
    "tree": "bf25241679533df554fc0fd0ae6dbb9dcf1859a13f2bc9dd4543c354eff6c464",
    "paths": [
      "/home/work/doc"
    ],
    "hostname": "kasimir",
    "username": "fd0",
    "uid": 1000,
    "gid": 100,
    "id": "bbeed6d28159aa384d1ccc6fa0b540644b1b9599b162d2972acda86b1b80f89e"
  },
  {
    "time": "2017-03-11T09:58:57.541446938+01:00",
    "tree": "7f8c95d3420baaac28dc51609796ae0e0ecfb4862b609a9f38ffaf7ae2d758da",
    "paths": [
      "/home/user/shared"
    ],
    "hostname": "kasimir",
    "username": "fd0",
    "uid": 1000,
    "gid": 100,
    "id": "b157d91c16f0ba56801ece3a708dfc53791fe2a97e827090d6ed9a69a6ebdca0"
  }
]

Temporary files

During some operations (e.g. backup and prune) restic uses temporary files to store data. These files will, by default, be saved to the system’s temporary directory, on Linux this is usually located in /tmp/. To specify a different directory for temporary files, set the appropriate environment variable. On non-Windows operating systems, use the TMPDIR environment variable. On Windows, use either the TMP or TEMP environment variable. For example, to use the directory /var/tmp/restic-tmp instead of the default, set the environment variable as follows:

$ export TMPDIR=/var/tmp/restic-tmp
$ restic -r /srv/restic-repo backup ~/work

Caching

Restic keeps a cache with some files from the repository on the local machine. This allows faster operations, since meta data does not need to be loaded from a remote repository. The cache is automatically created, usually in an OS-specific cache folder:

  • Linux/other: $XDG_CACHE_HOME/restic, or ~/.cache/restic if XDG_CACHE_HOME is not set

  • macOS: ~/Library/Caches/restic

  • Windows: %LOCALAPPDATA%/restic

If the relevant environment variables are not set, restic exits with an error message.

The command line parameter --cache-dir or the environment variable $RESTIC_CACHE_DIR can be used to override the default cache location. The parameter --no-cache disables the cache entirely. In this case, all data is loaded from the repository.

If a cache location is explicitly specified, then the check command will use that location to store its temporary cache. See Checking integrity and consistency for more details.

The cache is ephemeral: When a file cannot be read from the cache, it is loaded from the repository.

Within the cache directory, there’s a sub directory for each repository the cache was used with. Restic updates the timestamps of a repository directory each time it is used, so by looking at the timestamps of the sub directories of the cache directory it can decide which sub directories are old and probably not needed any more. You can either remove these directories manually, or run a restic command with the --cleanup-cache flag.